Baysan

The village was located at the base of a steep slope leading down to Kawkab al-Hawa. It was a neighboring village built within the outskirts of the Crusader Balfour Castle. Several small streams flowed down from that slope toward the Jordan Valley, passing near the village. Khirbat al-Zawiya was classified as a farm in the Indexed Geographical Dictionary of Palestine. About 200 meters south of the village lay Khirbat al-Zawiyan (201222), where the foundations of abandoned bui

Zub’a was a village located in a plain surrounded by three hills: Tall al-Dhahra al-Kabir to the north, Tall al-Dhahra al-Saghir to the south, and Tall ‘Amal also to the south. To its south stretched the Faqqu’a Mountains, also known as the Gilboa Hills. The Jalud River passed through the village lands on its way to the Jordan River. The main road to Baysan passed through Zub’a, which was considered a satellite village of the nearby al-Marsas. Agriculture and Land Use The vi

The village was located in the southern part of a shallow natural basin, through which the Wadi al-Tayyiba ran. Beneath the hill to the north, and between the valley and the village, flowed the spring of Yibla, from which the villagers obtained most of their drinking water. Swamps covered most of the land situated to the north and northwest of the village. A secondary road passed through several villages, connecting Yibla to the main road leading to Baysan. Several dirt paths

The village was situated on low-lying land below the neighboring village of Kawkab al-Hawa, at the base of the steep cliff upon which Kawkab al-Hawa was perched. It was located on the western edge of the Jordan Valley, facing east. The Jordan River lay approximately 3.3 kilometers to the west. The valley extending northeast and the adjacent spring both derive their names from the village. Khirbat Umm Sabouna was classified as a farm in the Indexed Geographical Dictionary of P

The village, classified as a farm in the Indexed Geographical Dictionary of Palestine, was located at the northern edge of Wadi al-Bira near the point where the valley emerges from the hills heading towards the Jordan Valley, approximately 3 kilometers southeast. At the southern edge of the valley, opposite the village, there was an abandoned mill formerly powered by the water flowing through the valley; it is now in ruins. The cemetery of Khirbat al-Taqa was situated on the

The village was located between the Jamain River (to the north) and the Wadi al-Jawsaq (to the south), on a flat area of land that gradually sloped to the northeast, approaching the foothills of the Faqqu’a Mountains (also known as the Jabal Jalboun Hills). The al-Jawsaq Spring emerged approximately 0.5 kilometers south of the site. About 0.2 kilometers to the west, there was a dam and a water-powered mill. A secondary road connected Tall al-Shawk directly to the town of Bays

The village of Sirin was situated on a flat expanse of land that gently sloped toward the southwest. To the northwest, it was bordered by Wadi al-Radduh, and to the southeast by Wadi al-Bayadir. A secondary road connected the village to the main road leading north to Samakh and south to Baysan, while other paths and narrow trails linked it to nearby villages. During the Crusader period, the village was known as Lucerin. In 1596, Sirin was recorded as a village in the nahiya (

The village was built on a flat area of land in the Baysan Valley, east of the main road leading to Baysan. It was located at the intersection of several roads, including the main Baysan–Jericho road. The village mosque was situated at the junction of two roads: one leading to the village of Qa‘un and the other connecting Al-Samariya to the village of ‘Arab al-‘Arīḍah. Towards the end of the Mandate period, the village expanded with the construction of new houses alongside th

Al-Sakhneh is a Bedouin tribe whose settlements, known as ‘Arab al-Sakhneh, are located northwest of the city of Baysan. This community, which originally consisted of tents or Bedouin encampments, is intersected by the main paved Baysan–Afula road. Additionally, a vehicle-accessible road branches from this route to connect Ayn al-Sakhneh with the village of al-Marsas in northern Baysan. The settlement is located approximately 10 km from Baysan, with a total land area of 6,400

The village of Qumiya stood atop a hill and, like the nearby village of Shatta, served as the western gateway to the Baysan Plain. The Baysan–Haifa main road passed along the village’s edge. As of 1956, Qumiya fell within the administrative boundaries of the District of al-Lajjun, and during the Ottoman era, it was classified as a mazra‘a (farmstead) that paid taxes to the state (Bakhit & Al-Hamoud 1989, p. 18). In the late 19th century, Qumiya was described as a village buil

Al-Murassas was situated atop a low hill between Wadi al-‘Asheh to the north and Wadi Jalud to the south. From the southern side, the village overlooked expanses of land that gradually sloped down toward Wadi Jalud. To the northwest, a secondary road connected it to the main road between Baysan and al-‘Aqoula, which in turn led to Haifa on the coast. Other smaller roads linked the village to several neighboring communities. The residents obtained water from springs located to

The village was located on a flat tract of land, overlooking a wide open area to the east, followed by the Jordan Valley. Between the banks of the Jordan River were two fords—al-Turaykhim and al-Saghir—which served as crossing points into the Jordan Valley to the east. A secondary road connected the village to Baysan, while other smaller roads linked it to the main road between Baysan and eastern Jordan. Masil al-Jazl was originally established by members of the nomadic Arab

The village was situated on a flat piece of land on the western side of the village of Al-Zira‘a, whose size diminished following the establishment of the Jewish settlement of Tirat Tzvi in 1937. Another road connected it to the main Baysan–Jericho road, and several secondary roads linked it to neighboring villages. Initially, Al-Khanazir was a seasonal encampment for nomadic Bedouins, who later settled there year-round. Their homes, whether built of bricks or tents, were sca

The village of Kawkab al-Hawa was situated on a hill that sloped gently toward the north, west, and south. To the east, however, the terrain dropped steeply. Although the village stood at an elevation of 300 meters above sea level, the land just one kilometer to its east lay 100 meters below sea level. To the south and southeast of the village were the springs of ‘Ayn al-Hilwa and ‘Ayn al-Jirani.In the late 19th century, an Arabic inscription was discovered on a small basalt

The village of Kufra was located in the middle of the Baysan Valley, with its houses built along the upper edges of the Kufra Valley—a shallow wadi. A secondary road connected Kufra to the main Baysan–Jericho highway, while other local roads linked it to nearby villages. A small forest was located to the south of the village. Kufra has been known by this name since at least the Crusader period. The village's inhabitants were Muslims. To the east of the village stood a shrine

Jibbul was situated on a hill at the edge of the Bisan Valley, overlooking the Yabla Valley to the southwest. The Asha Valley extended across its lands to the south. A secondary road connected it to the main Bisan-Ariha road, and other roads linked it to neighboring villages. The site was possibly known during the Roman period as Jibbul, or more likely Jibula. The Crusaders also referred to it as Jibbul, a name possibly derived from the Hebrew word meaning “boundaries.” In 15

The village was situated on a hill overlooking the Bisan Valley to the east, the Yabla Valley to the north, and the lands of the city of Bisan to the south. The village, which relied on Bisan for administrative and commercial services, was named after the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909). A secondary road approximately two kilometers long connected it to the main road leading to Bisan, and other roads linked it to four neighboring villages. Its layout was rectangular

The village was located 5 kilometers from Bisan (Beisan). It stood on a hill overlooking the Bisan Valley to the east, the Yabla Valley to the north, and the lands of the city of Bisan to the south. The village, which relied on Bisan for administrative and commercial services, was named after the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909). A secondary road approximately two kilometers long connected it to the main road leading to Bisan, and other roads linked it to four neighb

The village of Al-Ghazawiyya was spread across a wide area in the Baysan Valley, west of the Jordan River and near the Baysan–Jericho main road. The inhabitants belonged to the Bedouin tribe of Al-Ghazawiyya, and together with the Bashatweh and Al-Suqur tribes, they made up the majority of the valley’s population. They settled in the area due to its abundant water sources and fertile soil. All residents were Muslims, and they lived in both permanent homes and tents. Agricultu